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Spore-like cells
Spore-like cells were proposed by brothers Charles and Martin Vacanti and colleagues to be pluripotent cells that lay dormant in tissue and would become active under stress or injury as adult stem cells, exhibiting behavior characteristic of spores. Martin Vacanti first identified them in rat brain tissue that he had sliced and forced through small tubes. They published work in 2001 describing these cells. Further work in collaboration with Japanese researchers led to the apparent discovery of STAP cells, in which the pluripotent cells were newly created by stress or injury. This work was published in 2014, but soon found to be due to fraudulent work by Haruko Obokata.
==Characteristics==
Spore-like cells were said to be a specific class of stem cells in adult organisms, including humans, which are small, versatile, and most frequently remain in a dormant "spore-like" state as the rest of the cells of the organism divide, grow, and die. Despite their dormancy, they apparently retain the ability to grow, divide, and differentiate into other cell types expressing characteristics appropriate to the tissue environment from which they were initially isolated, if some external stimulus should prompt them to do so. This capacity to continue to regenerate new cells has been shown in in vitro conditions for some animals in which all other cells have died, especially if the animal died from exposure to cold elements.
Spore-like cells were described first by Vacanti et al. in 2001 (Vacanti, M. P., A. Roy, J. Cortiella, L. Bonassar, and C. A. Vacanti. 2001. Identification and initial characterization of spore-like cells in adult mammals. J Cell Biochem 80:455-60.) They were described as being extremely small (less than 5 micrometers), lying dormant and dispersed throughout the parenchyma of tissue in the body. Being dormant, they were said to survive in low oxygen environments and other hostile conditions.
Spore-like cells were said to remain viable in unprepared tissue (using no special preservation techniques), frozen at -86 °C and then thawed, or heated to 85 °C for more than 30 minutes. This has led researchers to try to revitalize spore-like cells from tissue samples of frozen carcasses deposited in permafrost for decades (frozen walrus meat more than 100 years old, and mammoth and bison in Alaska estimated to be 50,000 years old). Vacanti et al. believed that these unique cells lie dormant until activated by injury or disease, and that they have the potential to regenerate tissues lost to disease or damage. Because the cell-size of less than 5 micrometers seems rather small as to contain the entire human genome the authors speculate on the "concept of a minimal genome" for these cells.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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